CHAPTER 7 : STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION DATABASES

RELATIONAL DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS

Database > maintains information about various type of objects (inventory),event (transaction), people (employees) and place (ware houses).

Hierarchical > information is organized into a tree like structure that allows repeating information using parent or child relationship in such a way that it cannot have too many relationship.

Network Database Model > flexible way of representing object and their relationship.

Relational Database model > type of database that store  information in the form of logically related two dimensional tables.This is focus on the relationship database model.

ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES

Entity

The relationship database model is :

• person
• place 
• thing
• transaction
• event 

ATTRIBUTES

Called fields or columns are characteristic or properties of an entity class.


KEYS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Primary key : is a field or group of fields that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table. Primary keys are important because they provide a way of distinguishing each entity in a table.

Foreign key : The relationship database model is a primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in other table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables.
 
RELATIONAL DATABASE ADVANTAGES

1) Increase Flexibility

• the physical view of information deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device such as a hard disk.
• The logical view of information focuses oh how users logically access information to meet their particular business need.

2) Increase Salability and Prformance

• Scalability refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands.
• Performance measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction.

3) Reduced Information Redundancy

• Redundancy id the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple place.

4) Increased Information Integrity (Quality)

• Information integrity is a measure of the quality of information 
• Integrity constraints are rules that help ensure the quality of information.
• Relational integrity constraints are rules that enforce basic and fundamental information based constraints.
• Business critical integrity constraints enforce business rule vital to an organization success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints.

5) Increase Information Security

• Information is an organizational asset and must be protected.
• Databases offer several security features including :
• Password
• Access Level
• Access Control

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

DBMS > Software through which users and application programs interact with a database.

Data Driven Web Site >  an interactive Web site kept constantly update and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database.

Data  Driven Site Business Advantage 

• Development 
• Content Management 
• Future Expandability
• Minimizing Human Error
• Cutting Product and Update Costs
• More Efficient
• Improved Stability

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

GROUP MEMBERS 

ALIA FARHANA BINTI MUSTAFA (2012804464)
NUR IFFAHIZZATI BINTI MAT TAIB (2012474708)
MUHAMMAD HAZLAN BIN MD SAID (2012839012)
MOHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN ABDULLAH (2012207266)
MOHD HAFIZ HUSAIN BIN SHEIKH OMAR ( 2012218758)
AHMAD HUSAINI BIN SHAHRUL AZMI (2012625558)
MUHAMMAD SALEHHUDIN BIN MOHD IBRAHIM (2012684858) 

QUESTION:

We know that people use information technology to work with information. Knowing this, how could these types of error occur? What could happen if you decide to use Facebook to collect info intelligence for a research paper? What could Facebook do to help prevent these types of errors?

ANSWER :

Information technology (IT) is a field concerned of technology in managing and processing information. Types of errors occur when one fails, then chances are the business will fail. Most managers understand their business initiatives well, but are often at a loss when it comes to knowing how to use and manage IT effectively is support of those initiatives.

If we decided to use Facebook to collect info for our research paper. The information that we get sometimes is inaccurate some of the info is not correct or fake .Besides, the info is not fully complete. The info is missing sometimes or we can’t get info what we needs. Lastly, some of the info is not to update, the pages is not update for a long time that make the info is false.

Facebook can upgrade their It security system as it is use worldwide. Facebook must control their info entrance to prevent fake pages. Lastly, Facebook need to ensure every company or web pages have reference for every info that they post to prevent false info.  

Chapter 6 : Valuing Organizational Information

Organization Information

Information granularity :

refers to the extent of detail within the information (fine and detailed or coarse and abstract).

Levels, Formats and Granularities of Organizational Information

The value of Transactional and Analytical information

Transactional information : encompasses all of the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of daily operational tasks.

Analytical information :  encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks.

The value of Timely Information

Real-time information means immediate,up-to-date information.

Real-time systems provide real-time information in response to query requests.

The value of Quality Information

Five common characteristics of high-quality information :

• Accuracy
• Completeness
• Consistency
• Uniqueness
• Timeliness

Understanding The Cost of Poor Information

• Inability to accurately track customers, which directly affects strategic initiatives such as CRM and SCM.
• Difficulty identifying the organization's most valuable customers.
• Inability to identify selling opportunities and wasted revenue from marketing to nonexisting customers and nondeliverable mail.
• Difficulty tracking revenue because of inaccurate invoices.
• Inability to built strong relationship with customers-which increases buyer power.

Chapter 5 : ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

Organizational Structures

Organization must work closely together to develop strategic initiatives that create competitive advantages.

It Role and Responsibilities

• Chief Information Officer (CIO) is responsible for overseeing all uses of information technology and ensuring the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives.

• Chief Technology Officer (CTO) is responsible for ensuring the throughput, speed, accuracy, availability and reliability of an organization's information technology.

• Chief Security Officer (CSO) is responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems and developing strategies and IT safeguards against attack from hackers and viruses.

• Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) is responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information within an organization.

• Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) is responsible for collecting, maintaining and distributing the organization's knowledge.

The Gap between Business Personnel and It Personnel

Business Personnel : posses expertise in functional areas  such as marketing, accounting.

It Personnel : technology expertise.

Improving Communication

Business personnel must seek to increase their understanding of IT. Although they do not need to know every technical detail, it will benefit their careers to understand what they can and cannot accomplish using IT

Organization Fundamentals

Ethics and Security

      

Ethics  : the principles and standards that guide our behavior toward other people. 

            : issues affected by technology advance

• Intellectual property 
• Copyright
• Fair use doctrine
• Pirated software
• Counterfeit software

Privacy : the right to be left alone when you want to be, to have control over your own personnel  possessions, and to not be observed without your consent.

-THE END-

CHAPTER 4 : MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

Yeayyyy...previously i want to say happy new year 2014 for all my friends and lecturers. After break I have all ready  learn about chapter 1 until chapter 3 and now I will continue CHAPTER 4 about  MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF STRATEGIC INITIATIVES.

Measuring Information Technology Success

Metrics > Neither technology nor business strategy
              > The details measures that feed those KPIs

Key performance indicators (KPIs) > The measure that are tied to business drivers.

Performance metrics fall into the nebulous area of business intelligence that is neither technology , nor business centered, but requires input from both IT and business professionals.

Efficiency and Effectiveness

Efficiency IT metric  - measures the performance of the IT system itself including throughput , speed, and availability. 

Effectiveness IT metric  - measures the impact IT has on business processes and activities including customer satisfaction, conversion rates, and sell-through increas.

Benchmarking- Baseline Metrics

Regardless of what is measured, how it is measured, and whether it is for the sake of efficiency or effectiveness , there must be Benchmarks -baseline values the system seek to attain.

Benchmarking  - a process of  continuously measuring system results, comparing those results to optimal system performance (benchmark values), and identifying steps and procedures to improve system 

performance.

The Interrelationships of Efficiency and Effectiveness It Metrics

Efficiency IT metrics focus on technology and include :

• Throughput
• Transaction speed
• System availability
• Information accuracy
• Web traffic
• Response time

Effectiveness IT metrics focus on an organization's goals, strategies , and objectives and include :

•  Usability
•  Customer satisfaction
•  Conversion rate
• Financial

Be sure to consider the issue of security while determining efficiency and effectiveness it metrics.

Metrics for Strategic initiatives

Metric are the hearts of a good,customer focused management system and any program directed at continuous improvement.

A focus on customers and performance standard show up in the form of metric that assess the ability to meet customers needs and business objectives.

A few of the more common financial ratios include: 

• Internal rate of return (IRR)
• Return on investment (ROI)
• Payback method
• Break even analysis

Metric will help manager measure and manage their strategic initiatives :

• Web site metrics
• Supply chain management (SCM) metrics
• Customer relationship management (CRM) metrics
• Business process re engineering (BPR) metrics
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) metrics

Web site metrics

Web site metrics include :

• Abandoned registrations
• Click-through  
• Conversion rate
• Cost-per-thousand
• Page exposures
• Total hits
• Unique visitors

Supply chain management (SCM) metrics :

• Back order
• Customer order promised cycle time
• Customer order actual cycle time
• Inventory replenishment cycle time
• Inventory turns (inventory turnover)

Customer relationship management metrics

Customer relationship management metrics measure user satisfaction and interaction and include :

• Sales metrics
• Service metrics
• Marketing metrics

Business process re engineering (BPR) metrics and Enterprise resource planning (ERP) metrics

The balanced scorecard is management system,that enables organizations to clarify their vision , strategy and translate them into action.